Moreover, the atoms to which carbon atoms bond may also be part of a functional group. Many combinations are possible to fill carbon’s four “vacancies.” Carbon may share electrons with oxygen or nitrogen or other atoms in a particular region of an organic compound. If you study the figures of organic compounds in the remainder of this chapter, you will see several with chains of hydrocarbons in one region of the compound. Carbon and hydrogen groupings are called hydrocarbons. Rather, carbon atoms tend to share electrons with a variety of other elements, one of which is always hydrogen. When they do share, however, they do not share all their electrons exclusively with each other. Instead, they readily share electrons via covalent bonds.Ĭommonly, carbon atoms share with other carbon atoms, often forming a long carbon chain referred to as a carbon skeleton. Carbon atoms do not complete their valence shells by donating or accepting four electrons. Recall that carbon atoms have four electrons in their valence shell, and that the octet rule dictates that atoms tend to react in such a way as to complete their valence shell with eight electrons. What makes organic compounds ubiquitous is the chemistry of their carbon core.
Before exploring these compounds, you need to first understand the chemistry of carbon. The four types most important to human structure and function are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They are found throughout the world, in soils and seas, commercial products, and every cell of the human body.
Organic compounds typically consist of groups of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, usually oxygen, and often other elements as well. Identify the building blocks of nucleic acids, and the roles of DNA, RNA, and ATP in human functioning.Describe the structure of proteins, and discuss their importance to human functioning.Discuss four types of lipids important in human functioning.Provide examples of three types of carbohydrates, and identify the primary functions of carbohydrates in the body.Explain the chemistry behind carbon’s affinity for covalently bonding in organic compounds.Identify four types of organic molecules essential to human functioning.
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